Welcome to Protoball

Supporting Researchers and Writers on Baseball’s Origins.

Protoball.org

(User Feedback Welcomed)

Protoball is in large part due to the efforts and leadership of the late Larry McCray. It welcomes input from current and potential site users on initiatives that might make protoball.org more responsive to their research interests.

In the past decade or so, due to major data contributions from several origins researchers, the site has expanded to include sourced accounts of over 2000 chronology entries, 17,700 early (pre-1871) games of base ball, over 14,500 early clubs, a registry of over 300 different baserunning games, a few hundred key reference works on early ballplaying, etc. Dave Anderson, Protoball’s site wizard, has found innovative ways to search and display this somewhat unruly mound of basic data. (Try playing with favorite search terms at http://protoball.org/Special:EnhancedSearch.)

We’d appreciate your candid ideas about ways to make Protoball a better tool for baseball historian and writers. Please send your ideas and views of the site’s limitations to bsa1861@att.net.

• Bruce Allardice
• Ralph Carhart
• Jan Finkel
• Bob Tholkes

Current Resources On Protoball.org

The Protoball Chronology covers memorable mileposts in the evolution of ballgames from Ancient Times to 1870, just before the first professional baseball league began.

Our PrePro Baseball is a working database of over thirty two thousand clubs and games, mostly in the Origins Era (before 1871). Its interactive maps may help you visualize the spread of baseball over time. It is designed so that individual club pages can link to a club's games, players, and field locations. For an example, see New York City's Knickerbocker Club here.

The Games Tabulation (version 2.0) is a record of over 1300 ballgames in various parts of the US from 1845 to 1860. It was compiled by the late Craig Waff᾿s careful and path-breaking research. More recently, Bob Tholkes has tabulated key data from over 5000 early games, mostly from the 1860s, and Bruce Allardice has added 5,000 games 1866-70.

1859 Base Ball Players’ Pocket Companion

The Glossary of Games provides a short description of 338 baseball-like games. The Glossary includes baseball's likely predecessor games and later games that derive from baseball.

The Bibliography is a list of publications you can use to explore the origins of ball games and baseball in depth. Some of these publications are available online.

A listing of fellow origins enthusiasts and contributors can be found in our Diggers section. You can read news about them and their work in the revived Origins Newsletter and the discontinued Next Destin'd Post. Several Diggers have contributed informal Essays relating to baseball's origins.

We offer an Enhanced Search for complex full-text searches on much of the information on the site. You can save your searches, pick out important articles, and share them with other researchers.

On a whim, we have collected information on as many baserunning games as we can find on our Glossary of Games. About half of them preceded the rise of the modern "New York" game of base ball in the 1850s.

Articles

Here are 3 of our latest articles:

1. Towards a Definition of Baseball - by Bruce Allardice in February 2026
2. Early Baseball Told by a Goth Kid - by Cody Belles in December 2025
3. The New Dominion Club of Ottawa: The First Organized Ballclub in Canada’s Capital - by Steve Rennie in November 2024

Here are 3 randomly selected articles:

5. Protoball Interview With Richard Hershberger - by Lawrence McCray in December 2021
6. Early Women's Baseball - by Bob Tholkes in December 2021
7. Notes on the History and Evolution of Stoolball - by David Block in December 2021
8. Runs, Runs and More Runs: Baseball 1866-1870. By the Numbers - by Bruce Allardice in December 2021
9. Origins Newsletter -- September 2021 - by SABR Origins Committee in September 2021
10. Towards A Definition Of Baseball - by Bruce Allardice in September 2021
11. Peanuts, But No Cracker Jack - by Bruce Allardice in September 2021
12. "A Plague Is Upon Us" - by Steve Sisto in September 2021
13. Interview With Author Tom Gilbert - by Larry McCray in September 2021
14. Number of Known BB Clubs in 40 Largest US Cities, 1870 5.0 - by Bruce Allardice in July 2021
15. Origins Newsletter -- May 2021 - by Bruce Allardice in May 2021
16. Playing "Ball" In Canada In 1803 - by William Humber in May 2021
17. Old Team Nicknames - by Bruce Allardice in May 2021
18. When The Game Was Not The Thing - by Bob Tholkes in May 2021
19. Rounders: A Game That "Gets No Respect" - by David Block in May 2021
20. McKinstry vs. Brooklyn Daily Times - by Steve Sisto in March 2021
21. The First Baseball Game In Mexico - by Bruce Allardice in February 2021
22. Such Tumbles, Such Collisions - by Steve Sisto in February 2021
23. Rounders: Baseball's True Origin? - by Bruce Allardice in February 2021
24. Origins Newsletter -- February 2021 - by SABR Origins Committee in February 2021
25. Lost for 200 Years: John Thorn Detects Base Ball in New York in 1821 - by John Thorn in January 2021
26. Number of Known BB Clubs in 40 Largest US Cities, 1870 3.0 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2020
27. Ethnicity in 19C Base Ball -- A General Introduction - by Tom Gilbert in May 2020
28. The Early Sporting Press in New England 1.0 - by Donna Halper in April 2020
29. Base Ball on the Field, 1858-1865 - by Bruce Allardice in March 2020
30. Old old games - by Larry McCray in December 2019
31. Search Terms - by Larry McCray in December 2019
32. NER Project Overview - by Larry McCray in December 2019
33. Wicket Ball - by Larry McCray in December 2019
34. The Massachusetts Game - by Larry McCray in December 2019
35. Research Bibliography for Early Base Ball - by Bill Lyons in December 2019
36. Emperics - by Larry McCray in December 2019
37. Length of Games, 1860-1865 1.0 - by Bob Tholkes in October 2019
38. Sons of Liberty - by Tom Gilbert in June 2019
39. Ballplaying by Civil War Soldiers 1.0 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2018
40. Very Early (pre-1857) Rules on Base Advancement After Caught Fly Balls - by Richard Hershberger in June 2018
41. Baseball Making Notes - by Corky Gaskell in March 2018
42. Ten-Position Base Ball - by Mark Brunke in February 2018
43. Feeder and Rounders, 1841 - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
44. 1854 Unified Kinickerbocker-Eagle-Gotham Rules - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
45. 1860 NABBP Rules - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
46. The 20 Rules of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
47. La balle empoisonnée - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
48. Rules of the Massachusetts Association of Base Ball Players - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
49. Englische Base-ball - by Bill Hicklin in March 2016
50. Early Evidence on Base Stealing - by Richard Hershberger in February 2016
51. The Play-Testing of Early Base Ball Rule Modifications, version 1.0 - by Richard Hershberger in January 2016
52. Cricket and the Rise of Baseball - by Bruce Allardice in June 2015
53. Beachville Deconstruction (The New York Game Comes to Canada) - by Bill Humber in May 2015
54. Uniforms - by Larry McCray in September 2014
55. The Big Tours - by Larry McCray in September 2014
56. Media Effects - by Larry McCray in September 2014
57. Predecessor Pastimes - by Larry McCray in September 2014
58. Club Makeup - by Larry McCray in September 2014
59. Competing Pastimes - by Larry McCray in September 2014
60. The Grounds - by Marty Payne in September 2014
61. Patterns of Spread - by Larry McCray in September 2014
62. Gambling's Role - by Larry McCray in September 2014
63. Accounts - by Larry McCray in September 2014
64. Playing to Win - by Larry McCray in September 2014
65. Base Ball Fever - by Jeffrey Kittel in September 2014
66. The Beneficiaries - by Larry McCray in September 2014
67. The Spread of Early Base Ball in Illinois to 1870 - by Bruce Allardice in August 2014
68. The Backstop - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
69. Pitchers Covering First - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
70. Called Pitches - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
71. Judgment! - by Richard Hershberger in July 2014
72. Protoball Search Aid - by Larry McCray in March 2014
73. Spirit Letters From X, 1857-8 - by Bob Tholkes in February 2014
74. Stoolball Today -- The Rejuvenation of an Ancient Pastime - by John and Kay Price in November 2013
75. Richard Hershberger Interview, October 2013 - by Protoball Functionary in October 2013
76. Internet Search Tips - by Bruce Allardice in October 2013
77. Bruce Allardice Find Stories, October 2013 - by Bruce Allardice in October 2013
78. 19CBB Highlights, August September 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in October 2013
79. For Fun and Health -- That's Why She Played - by Debbie Shattuck in October 2013
80. Sliding - by Richard Hershberger in October 2013
81. The Spread of Base Ball, 1859 - 1870 - by Bruce Allardice in September 2013
82. Interview with 2013 SABR-Origins Chair Bill Johnson - by Protoball Functionary in August 2013
83. Next Destin'd Post, August 2013 - by Larry McCray in August 2013
84. 1857 Rules - by Jeffrey Kittel in July 2013
85. Sam Marchiano and the 1755 Bray Diary Find - by Protoball Functionary in June 2013
86. Interview with Bill Ryczek - by Protoball Functionary in June 2013
87. Performing Logic Searches on Protoball - by Dave Anderson in June 2013
88. Don't Forget the Girls - by Debbie Shattuck in June 2013
89. The Next Destin'd Post, June 2013 - by Larry McCray in June 2013
90. 19CBB Digest, April-May 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in June 2013
91. 1845 Knickerbocker Rules - by Jeffrey Kittel in April 2013
92. Multi-word Searches on Protoball - by David Anderson in April 2013
93. New England Woman Observes Ball Play in Norfolk, Virginia in 1802 - by Tom Altherr in April 2013
94. Interview with Peter Morris - by Protoball Functionary in April 2013
95. 19CBB Digest, March 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in April 2013
96. Randall Brown's Find of the Wheaton Account -- Before the Knickerbockers - by Randall Brown in April 2013
97. Next Destin'd Post, April 2013 - by Larry McCray in April 2013
98. New Englander Confronts Impious Sunday Ball-playing in Virginia - by Tom Altherr in March 2013
99. Irish Rounders (Burman's Report) - by Howard Burman in March 2013
100. Linking Clubs to Ballgames - by Dave Anderson in February 2013
101. Tom Altherr Contemplates His Favorite Finds - by Tom Altherr in February 2013
102. Dave's Tip No. 1 -- Using "Site Search" and "Enhanced Search" - by Dave Anderson in February 2013
103. An Interview with David Block - by Protoball Functionary in February 2013
104. Postings to 19CBB, Jan. - Feb. 2013 - by Bob Tholkes in February 2013

A 2026 Update on Protoball's Holdings

1. The Protoball Chronology: Over 2100 entries, about one-half before 1845 and one-half from 1846-on. This collection gathered data from the Origins Committee's early "Spread of Base Ball" project, which SABR HQ put into a website, one that was hosted by Project Retrosheet later on. This collection was seeded by an origins timeline, compiled by John Thorn and Tom Heitz.

2. The PrePro data base of early clubs and early base ball games:

About 14,500 clubs and over 17,700 games. Separately, we post about 5100 early games in Bob Tholkes' "RIM" collection of interclub games (reported in NYC newspapers), about 5% of which precede 1857 and 95% were played 1858- 1865, and 5,000 games 1866-70 that Bruce Allardice tabulated from NYC newspapers 1866-70. These games have been incorporated, in simplified version, into the PrePro games database. Richard Hershberger provided his collection of hundreds of early clubs to this data base. Games reported in the New York Clipper have been added, through 1870.

3. 19C Clippings: over 9000 news clippings collected by Richard Hershberger, 1700 of them from before 1870. Open to new additions.

4.David Block's research on English ballplaying.

Over 500 finds turned up in research on David's two fine books on early English play.

5. ProtoPix: A collection of images of early base ball and predecessor games.

Volunteers can help curate this collection.

6. ProtoStats:

Studies that rest heavily on Protoball data. Bruce Allardice is, in effect, driving this new feature.

7. Original Analytics: about 35 papers by Protoball participants.

8. The Glossary of Games:

Accounts of over 150 different bat-ball games (mostly baserunning ballgames) reported before base ball was codified in New York and Brooklyn. The file includes another 150 "daughter" games that evolved from baseball. It needs a lot of work still.

9. Rule Sets: Over 40 sets of rules, including 12 NABBP updates,

Conditions of Use

Users are encouraged to freely use information on this web site. When that information is found to be useful in drafting published work, we ask that they acknowledge the Protoball Project in their writing, and supply the site's URL -- http://protoball.org -- when possible, in their citations.

Further Information

For more information about the evolution of Protoball Project, its policies, and resources, see our About page.

Contact Bruce Allardice of the Protoball Project at bsa1861@att.net with any questions or contributions.

Features in Development

Please tell us if you see that new features could make the site more useful to you. Would a User Forum for site-user commentary make sense? Should we highlight "Most Wanted" data?

Contributions

We invite you to add your own research, insights, and queries to the Protoball site.